Most Polluted Cities In The UK

September 9, 2025 – 6 Min

Air pollution is a growing problem in many cities in the UK. It affects the air we breathe and can harm our health, especially for children and people with breathing problems. Even though there have been efforts to make the air cleaner, some places still struggle with high pollution.

The main reasons behind the pollution are busy roads, lots of cars, factories, and building work. In this blog, we will look at the most polluted cities in the UK, find out what causes their air to be so dirty, and see what is being done to make things better for everyone.

Top 10 Most Polluted Cities in the UK

Here is the list of the most polluted cities in the UK, with their main causes of pollution:

CityMain causes of pollution
LondonTraffic, Underground, Industry, Construction
LeedsTraffic, Urban Development
ManchesterTraffic, Industry, Construction
PlymouthTraffic (Mutley Plain), Urban Transport
SwanseaTraffic, Port Activity, Industry
LeicesterTraffic, Urban Density
DerryTraffic, Domestic Heating, Industry
BournemouthTraffic, Tourism, Construction
NorwichTraffic, Urban Spread
YorkTraffic, Tourism, Urban Development

Note: The list of the most polluted cities can change over time. Air quality often goes up or down depending on the weather and other local factors.

1. London

London is often named as the most polluted city in the UK. Many different factors combine to make its air quality a major concern for people living and working in the capital.

    Reasons for London’s Air Pollution

    • London Underground tunnels accumulate dust and metal particles over time.
    • Industry and construction release fine particles harmful to lung health.
    • High population density increases pollution through daily activities and travel.

    100% of London’s residents live in areas where pollution levels are higher than the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) recommended limits for PM2.5, extremely fine particles that can reach deep into the lungs and cause health problems.

    2. Leeds

    Leeds has faced serious air pollution problems, especially with nitrogen dioxide (NO2) along its very busy roads. This pollution mainly came from heavy traffic and ongoing city growth. However, Leeds has made real progress in recent years to clean up its air.

    Main Reason for Leeds’ Air Pollution

    • Construction work and the city’s expansion have added to the amount of dust and tiny particles in the air.

    Air pollution is still a public health concern in Leeds, causing several premature deaths each year. Continued efforts are needed to keep making the city’s air cleaner for everyone.

    3. Manchester

    Manchester has long faced air quality challenges, shaped by its industrial history and rapid urban growth. While the city has made progress, air pollution, especially from traffic, remains an important concern for public health.

    Reasons for Air Pollution in Manchester

    • Industrial emissions from manufacturing and construction contribute 27% of the city’s air pollution, increasing dust and harmful particles.
    • Traffic congestion during rush hours in city centres and major roads raises pollution levels and exposure to dirty air.

    Manchester’s progress to cleaner air continues, with ongoing efforts needed to protect the health of its residents and meet national and international air quality standards.

    4. Plymouth

    Plymouth is a seaside city that usually has fresh, clean air because the wind from the coast helps blow away pollution. Most of the time, people in Plymouth can enjoy being outdoors without worrying about the air they breathe.

    Reasons for Air Pollution in Plymouth

    • Plymouth designated Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) for focused pollution monitoring and control.
    • The city implements joint air quality and transport plans to reduce traffic, promote cleaner vehicles, and enhance public transport to lower emissions.

    Overall, Plymouth is a great example of how a city can make real progress in cleaning up its air, while still keeping an eye on the places that need extra care.

    5. Swansea

    Swansea, a coastal city in Wales, generally enjoys good air quality. Most days, the air is clean and safe to breathe, partly due to the sea breeze that helps clear away pollution. However, there are still a few local issues, especially near busy roads and the port area.

    Reasons for Air Pollution in Swansea

    • Coastal winds in Swansea help reduce industrial pollution levels.
    • PM2.5 and PM10 levels remain well below safety limits.
    • Most days have “Good” air quality, with only occasional higher pollution days.

    Swansea’s air is among the cleanest in the UK, but ongoing efforts are still important to keep pollution low, especially in the very busy parts of the city.

    6. Leicester

    Leicester is often mentioned as one of the UK’s more polluted cities, mainly because of its busy roads and crowded city centre. However, recent years have seen big improvements in air quality, with pollution levels now among the best on record.

    Reasons for Air Pollution in Leicester

    • Leicester’s high urban density intensifies pollution due to the many people and vehicles in a small area.
    • Local industrial activity contributes to pollution but is less significant than traffic.

    7. Derry

    Derry, a city in Northern Ireland, faces its own set of challenges when it comes to air pollution. While it is not as large or busy as some other UK cities, certain factors still affect the quality of the air that people breathe.

    Reasons for Air Pollution in Derry

    • In some neighbourhoods, solid fuels like coal or wood are used for heating in winter, causing smoky air and increased pollution.
    • Industrial activity around Derry exists but contributes less to pollution compared to larger cities.

    8. Bournemouth

    Bournemouth is a popular seaside city that usually has good air quality, but certain factors can cause pollution to rise at times. The city’s clean air is often helped by coastal breezes, but busy periods and ongoing development bring their own challenges.

    Reasons for Air Pollution in Derry

    • Construction activities increase dust and air pollution in the growing city.
    • Coastal sea breezes help clear the air, but inland areas of Bournemouth tend to trap pollution.

    Bournemouth’s air is usually good, with PM2.5 levels often around 8 µg/m³ and PM10 around 21 µg/m³, both well within safe limits.

    9. Norwich

    Norwich is often praised as one of the UK’s cleanest cities, but it still has its own air quality challenges. Most of the time, the air in Norwich is safe and pleasant, but some areas, especially in the city centre, can experience pollution from traffic and city growth.

    Reasons for Air Pollution in Norwich

    • A Growing population in Norwich leads to more vehicles, increasing pollution.
    • Norwich generally has good air quality but faces local pollution hotspots during peak times.

    Norwich shows that even cities with mostly clean air need to keep working on solutions to tackle pollution in their busiest areas

    10. York

    York is famous for its beautiful historic centre and attracts millions of tourists every year. While the city is a wonderful place to visit and live, its popularity and ongoing development bring some air quality challenges.

    Reasons for Air Pollution in Norwich

    • Urban development in York increases dust and particles, especially in busy areas.
    • York is improving air quality by investing in electric buses, cycling routes, and reducing traffic congestion.

    Traffic is the leading cause of air pollution in all major UK cities. Vehicle emissions from cars, buses, and lorries release harmful gases like NO2 and fine particles into the air. Congested roads and frequent transport use make traffic pollution a consistent problem across urban areas.

    Conclusion

    Air pollution continues to be a concern in many UK cities, especially in some of the Most Polluted Cities in the UK, where traffic, urban growth, and busy lifestyles make it hard to always breathe clean air. While city councils are working on long-term solutions, there are still days when pollution levels are high, particularly in areas with lots of cars or construction.

    This is where a good air purifier, like Rensair products, can make a real difference at home or at work. Rensair air purifiers use advanced filtration to remove harmful particles from the air, including dust, pollen, and even the tiny pollutants found in city smog. By using an air purifier, you can create a safer, healthier space for your family, even on days when outdoor air quality isn’t at its best.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    1. Which city has the highest pollution in the UK?

    London is the most polluted city in the UK, mainly due to heavy traffic, underground dust, construction, and industrial activity. All of its residents live in areas where pollution exceeds WHO limits for fine particles (PM2.5).

    2. Why is UK air quality so bad?

    UK air quality is poor mainly due to heavy traffic, urban development, industrial activity, and construction. Busy cities like London, Manchester, and Leeds face high levels of air pollution, especially from vehicle emissions and fine particles.

    3. Is air pollution a serious health issue in the UK?

    Air pollution can cause breathing problems, especially in children, the elderly, and people with asthma. Increasing number of children on inhalers show that air pollution is a serious health issue in the UK.

    4. Can air pollution levels change daily?

    Air pollution levels can vary significantly from day to day. Factors such as weather conditions, temperature, wind speed, and humidity play a major role in how pollutants spread or settle in the air. For example, windy days help disperse pollutants, while still, cold days can trap pollution near the ground, especially in urban areas.

    5. Which other UK cities have high pollution levels?

    Leeds, Manchester, Plymouth, Swansea, Leicester, Derry, Bournemouth, Norwich, and York are also among the top 10 most polluted cities in the UK.

    6. What causes air pollution in UK cities?

    The main causes include road traffic, industrial activity, construction work, urban development, and domestic heating in colder areas.

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